May 9 2003 - African Americans and Latinos in California still earn less
per hour than whites, according to a recent study by the Public Policy Institute of
California (PPIC). The report, Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps in the California Labor Market, finds that while there have been improvements in the education and occupational
status of African Americans, the wage gap between whites and African Americans has actually
grown in the last 10 years. The relative wages of African American men fell from 81 to 74 cents for every dollar
earned by whites, and from 96 to 86 cents per dollar for women.
Latino workers fared even worse, earning less than 60 cents per dollar earned by white workers.
Some of the difference may be attributed to recent Latino immigrants with lower
skills, but Latinos born in the United States also face substantial wage gaps. Between 1979 and
2000, there was little change in wage differences between U.S.-born Latinos and whites in
California: Latino men earned between 81 and 83 cents for every dollar earned by white men,
and Latina women earned between 79 and 85 cents for every dollar earned by white women.
Deborah Reed, PPIC's population program director and economist who co-authored the study with
Jennifer Cheng, considers that these disparities are likely to persist in the future. "Given California's current economic climate and the fact that we've seen
no improvement in Latino and African American wage gaps in twenty years, the prospects for
substantial progress in the near term are bleak," says Reed.
The report concludes that Latino wage disparities can be largely explained by education and occupational differences.
If U.S.-born Latinos had the same educational attainment as whites, the wage gap between
them would decline significantly, to 93 cents per dollar for both men and women. If
Latinos worked in the same occupations as whites, the difference would be eliminated
altogether.
But relative wages for African Americans would improve by no more than a few cents
per dollar if their education level matched that of whites. And sharing the same
occupations as whites would not eliminate the inequality: African American women would
still earn 95 cents for every dollar earned by white women, and African American men would
earn just 84 cents per dollar earned by white men. The authors note that many factors may
contribute to the earnings gap for African Americans, including less labor market and
professional experience, discrimination, and a mismatch between place of residence and
the location of high-paying employment opportunities.
"Improving educational opportunities will reduce racial and ethnic wage
gaps in the long run but is unlikely to resolve the problem entirely, especially for
African Americans," says Reed. The report suggests a number of general policy directions
the state might consider, including programs to improve educational outcomes through
greater access to early childhood development, improved quality of public schools in
low-income neighborhoods, and workforce development for lower-skilled workers. The
mismatch in residential and employment locations might be addressed through affordable
housing, transportation, or economic development programs.
Reed and Cheng also found that the wage gap between whites and U.S.-born Asians has
remained steady since the late 1970s, but in this case the disparity favors Asians. Asian
men earned $1.04 for every dollar earned by white men and Asian women earned a relative
wage of $1.15.
The Public Policy Institute of California is a private, nonprofit
organization dedicated to improving public policy in California through independent,
objective, nonpartisan research on major economic, social, and political issues. The
institute was established in 1994 with an endowment from William R. Hewlett.
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